Perdebatan Definisi Laki-Laki dan Perempuan dalam bidang Olahraga

 

Kalau dirangkum dalam bentuk gambar, tema perdebatan cowok vs cewek vs transgender di bidang olahraga itu seperti ini.

Pertama, gen itu tidak harus terekspresikan. Jadi ada kondisi XY yang ternyata alat reproduksinya perempuan. Sebaliknya ada kondisi kromosom XX tetapi ada gen SRY nyelip dan aktif. 

Kedua, testosteron itu ada di perempuan dan laki-laki. Umumnya, kadar testosteron pada laki-laki itu lebih tinggi karena dipicu oleh gen SRY. Namun tanpa gen SRY pun, ada kondisi-kondisi di mana perempuan punya kadar testosteron yang lebih tinggi dari wanita lain. Penyebabnya antara lain Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). 

Ketiga, bahkan hubungan antara hormon testosterone dengan kinerja olahraga masih bisa diperdebatkan. Sejauh ini, salah satu yang aktif riset adalah atletik dan korelasinya terlihat saat lari 400 m, lari rintang 400 m, lari 800 m, loncat galah, lontar martil. Di luar itu, tidak ditemukan korelasi antara kemampuan olahraga dengan testosterone.

Anda bisa melihat riwayat pengaturan di cabang olahraga atletik beserta kontroversialnya di Wikipedia.
Artikel Peraturan Tentang Testoteron Di Atletik

Ini diagram penyederhanaan. Masih banyak kondisi-kondisi yang tidak disebutkan.

The Different between Indonesian language, Betawi Language, and Jakarta Language

People who were born and grew up in Jakarta would notice that there are different between Betawi Language, Jakarta dialect, and Indonesian language. Most people would think Jakarta dialect and Betawi language are the same but they are actually different.

Before discussing the language, let's define who are Betawi and who are Jakarta people.

Betawi, an ethnic group who lived in Batavia, Netherland Indies who started defined themselves in the late of 19th century. Their culture were mixed between Chinese, Arab, Portuguese, and local. 

There are two opinion who this Betawi people are:
1. those who believed they are descendant of Malay people who have lived in Jakarta-Bogor-Bekasi-Tangerang area since 9th era. There was Kebon Kopi II inscription;

2. those who concluded that Betawi people are descendant of slaves and merchant who were either forced or invited to live in Batavia by VOC/Dutch. They were originally came from different background: Portuguese slaves, Bali slaves, Makassar warrior, Javanese slaves and warrior, Arab preacher, Chinese merchants, etc. The Dutch originally put them in separate location and yet, some people escape the Dutch control, mixed with other ethnic and eventually, they made new identity in 19th century.

Jakarta people, people who were born or grew, and lived in Jakarta after Indonesia gain independence.. Since December 1949, Jakarta became the capital of Indonesia and attracted people from different ethnic. Their children still retained their parents' original ethnic identity.

So basically:
1. Betawi language is a dialect of Malay, mixed with Chinese loan words and locals (Sunda and Javanese). There are two Betawi dialect: Betawi Kota and Betawi Pinggiran or some of them named them as Betawi A and Betawi E.

Some of Betawi words who are not part of Indonesian words:
- jingkrik - jumping like monkey jump

- ndeprok - sit on the floor

- ngentot -> entot - copulation

- ngewe -> ewe - copulation

2. Indonesian language is a constructed language based on Malay -- it was said to be based on Riau Malay. At first, the proposal retained the name 'Malay' but Tabrani from Madura ethnic argued that it should be renamed so every ethnic would accept the language. In 1928, it was agreed that all ethnic in Netherland Indies would communicate with unifying language: Indonesian language. The more detail discussion about Indonesian language was discussed in 1938, in the first Indonesian Language Congress (Kongres Baahasa Indonesia).

3. Jakarta dialect is an informal dialect of Indonesian language by Jakarta people. 

The affixes in Jakarta dialect was heavily influenced by Betawi Language:

a. nge-in  instead of me-i or me-kan .
For Example: 

- ngeluarin instead of mengeluarkan;

- ngelemparin instead of melempari or melemparkan; 

- ngurusin instead of mengurusi or menguruskan.

Yes, as you can see, sometimes we have ambiguity in Jakarta dialect. The word ngurusin can stem from either kurus (thin) or urus (maintain or solving).

- Saya sedang ngurusin (mengurusi) persoalannya. I am solving his problem.  

- Saya sedang ngurusin (menguruskan) badan. I am on diet.

b. prefix ke- instead of ter-.

For example:

- kepukul instead of terpukul

- kelindas instead of terlindas. 

Jakarta dialect also use some of Betawi words:

- gue  instead of  saya/aku - first person singular pronoun;

- lo instead of kamu - second person singular pronoun;

- cepek instead of seratus

- ceban instead of sepuluh ribu

 

However, not all of Betawi words is used in Jakarta dialect. Some of Malay or Indonesian words used by Jakarta instead of Betawi words. For example, Jakarta people prefer to say nggak or gak instead of Betawi's kagak. 

And since the speaker of Jakarta dialect mostly came from other ethnic, they don't use Betawi words for their family member. They would use either Indonesian words or their ethnic words for family member. For example:
- Mother:  Ibu / Bunda / Mama instead of Enyak;

- Father: Ayah / Bapak / Abah (Sunda) instead of Babeh;

- Big Sister: Kakak / Uni (Minang) / Mbak (Javanese) instead of Mpok;

- Grandfather: Kakek instead of Engkong

- Older Uncle: Pakdhe (Javanese)  instead of Encang;

- Younger Uncle: Pakle (Javanese) instead of Encing.

 

 

 

Bikin Meld sebagai Git Difftool

Di Terminal, bisa pakai git config seperti ini:

git config --global diff.tool meld
git config --global difftool.meld.path "C:\Program Files\Meld\Meld.exe"

Terakhir pakai Meld 3.22.2.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34119866/setting-up-and-using-meld-as-your-git-difftool-and-mergetool

Arabic and Chinese Pinyin Consonant IPA Table

 

Some notes:
1. Linguo Labial: The tongue should touch between teeth first, like saying "th" in English.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant

2. alveo palatal: The middle of the tongue are set higher 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant

Indonesia Doesn't Have Verb Tenses/ Verb Conjugation

Indonesia doesn’t have verb tenses or conjugation. Indonesian verb would always the same whether it happened in the past or it happened today. Indonesia do have time marker and Adverb instead of modifying the verb.

PRESENT TENSE:
saya makan nasi.
I eat rice

PAST TENSE:
saya makan nasi kemarin.
I ate rice yesterday.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
saya sedang makan nasi.
I am eating rice.

PRESENT PERFECT:
saya sudah makan nasi.
I have eaten rice.

FUTURE TENSE:
saya akan makan nasi.
I will eat rice.

PAST PERFECT:
saya pernah makan nasi.
I had eaten rice.

PAST CONTINUOUS:
Saya sedang makan nasi ketika ia tiba.
I was eating rice when he arrived.

A little bit note:
1. sudah means an action have been done. It didn’t tell us whether an action have just been done or it was done yesterday. So the adverb sudah can be used in either present perfect or past perfect. Indonesian usually add time maker. For example:

saya sudah makan nasi baru saja.
I have just eaten rice.

“baru saja” is an phrase which show an action happened a few moments ago. In informal, it sometimes abbreviated to “barusan”. The phrase came from the word baru (new) and saja (only).

Simple Flow Chart on How Muslim Interpreted Sharia Law

 There is misconception among a lot of people, both Muslim and non-Muslims, that when Sharia was something to be taken directly from Quran.

It wasn't that simply. An interpretation of sharia should be accepted by the state, either became a canon law declared by head of government or a court statement by judge (qadi). 

Even for sola scriptura people or known as Quraniyyun, they need to considered several thing before interpreted The Quran.

Most Muslim communities draw sharia from three source:
1. Quran;

2. Sunna (Prophet tradition);

3. Ijtihad (Thought);

Fatwa is the result of ijtihad but it did not bind until it is accepted by the state. You should not assassinate someone just because some scholar published fatwa against something. 

The following flowchart diagram is simplification of how Islamic law is applied in Muslim Community.

Diagram Sederhana Proses Mengambil Hukum (Istinbath) dalam Islam

Non-Muslim biasanya mengira sumber hukum Islam itu hanya AlQuran.

Muslim awam, mengira sumber hukum Islam itu AlQuran dan Hadits.
Yang ingat pelajaran agama Islam masa SMU, akan mengetahui bahwa sumber hukum Islam itu adalah AlQuran, Sunnah, dan Ijtihad. 

Namun ijtihad itu ternyata juga mewarnai dalam memahami yang dimaksud dengan "Sunnah" dan juga dalam menafsirkan AlQuran.

Salah satu hal yang juga kerap disalahpahami umat Islam dan Non-Muslim adalah fatwa ulama mengikat untuk pemeluk agama Islam. Padahal, fatwa harus dapat persetujuan dari sistem pemerintahan, barulah mengikat -- disebut Qanun, seperti istilah yang digunakan di Aceh. Selain model Qanun, sebenarnya fatwa bisa juga mengikat jika berupa keputusan hakim atau Qadi. 

Diagram di bawah ini sangat sederhana. Banyak hal-hal yang belum dimasukkan di bawah. Namun mungkin akan berguna untuk awam.